Kubatana.net ~ an online community of Zimbabwean activists

Men who have sex with men aren’t necessarily gay

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Thursday, August 19th, 2010 by Bev Clark

Here’s more from PlusNews,Global HIV/AIDS news and analysis:

In southern Africa, prevention campaigns highlighting the HIV risks of having more than one partner at the same time have largely targeted heterosexuals and ignored the fact that men who have sex with men also have multiple partners.

“Men who have sex with men” (MSM) describes men who have reported ever having had sex with another man, but who may not necessarily identify themselves as homosexual, or “gay”.

In one of the first studies to investigate multiple concurrent partnerships (MCPs) among African MSM, just over half of the 537 men surveyed in Malawi, Namibia and Botswana reported that they had had sex with both men and women in the last six months, and about a third of these men reported that the relationships had been concurrent. MCPs have been identified as a main driver of the HIV epidemic in southern Africa.

Presented at the annual meeting of the African Network for Strategic Communication in Health and Development (AfriComNet) in Johannesburg, the study also found that about a third of the men surveyed had a wife or long-term girlfriend.

The men in relationships with both men and women were more likely to pay for sex and to use condoms than those who reported only having sex with men, but the study found no difference in HIV prevalence between the two groups, according to researcher Gift Trapence with the Malawi-based Centre for the Development of People (CEDEP).

About 17 percent of all the men surveyed were HIV-positive, and their HIV prevalence rates were almost twice the national average in their respective countries. Trapence said that the findings point to an urgent need to target programming and more research at MSM having multiple concurrent partnerships.

“These issues have never been involved in our HIV prevention work,” he told IRIN/PlusNews. “When we try to design these programmes, we need to look at all the sexual behaviours [of men].”

Trapence said a larger, population-based study was planned to explore the findings and provide evidence crucial to prevention efforts targeting MSM, and to decriminalizing homosexuality in African countries.

CEDEP supported the two Malawian men who were recently prosecuted under laws criminalizing sexual acts between people of the same sex. Activists argue that such laws discourage MSM, who are often at increased risk of HIV, from using HIV testing and treatment services, and have a detrimental effect on prevention efforts in general.

At the meeting, representatives of Togo’s national AIDS commission, and Manya Andrews, former country head of Population Services International Togo, said research into HIV risk behaviours among MSM by Togo’s national university in 2006 had helped influence recent moves in the small West African country towards decriminalising same-sex relationships.

“The breakthrough was getting that [2006] study done, and then the support just snowballed from there,” Andrews told IRIN/PlusNews. “People in Togo were transformed by that research into advocates [for MSM HIV prevention programmes and rights].”

Another African Dicktator

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Thursday, August 19th, 2010 by Bev Clark

From IFEX:

Rwandan President Paul Kagame won another seven-year term in elections on 9 August, after already being in power for 15 years. He captured 93 percent of the vote by banning opposition parties and eliminating critical domestic news coverage, report Human Rights Watch, Reporters Without Borders (RSF), the Committee to Protect Journalists and other IFEX members. In the months leading up to election-day, the government systematically shut down news outlets and terrorised critical journalists into fleeing the country.

Post-world cup hangover in Zimbabwe

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Thursday, August 19th, 2010 by Bev Clark

The Wall Street Journal shares an article by Farai Mutsaka on life in Harare after the world cup:

Shakira’s “Waka Waka (This Time For Africa)” continues to rock this city’s nightclubs more than a month after the final match of the World Cup. But the tournament’s bouncy pop song is about the only sign of soccer fever still lingering in Zimbabwe.

The country’s officials had hoped that World Cup enthusiasm in host South Africa would spill across the borders and help revive a moribund domestic league—and perhaps boost an ailing economy and lift national spirits. It wasn’t meant to be.

Officials lobbied several foreign teams to practice and play in Zimbabwe, hoping their fans would follow (only Brazil accepted). They suspended local games to allow players and fans to watch World Cup matches (attendance at domestic games has since plummeted). Zimbabweans did emblazon vehicles with flags (only for a while).

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No police required in Zimbabwean polling stations

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Wednesday, August 18th, 2010 by Bev Clark

The Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN) has issued a statement on the role of the Zimbabwe Police Force in elections. Check it out:

18 August 2010 – Harare – This statement is a response to an article that appeared on the 13th of August 2010 in the Zimbabwe Independent on the opposition to electoral reforms by the Police Commissioner General Augustine Chihuri.

Earlier this year political parties in the GNU agreed to reform electoral laws in Zimbabwe and this included among others a change in the role of the police in electoral processes. The three political parties in the inclusive government agreed to restrict the role of the police in electoral processes to maintaining law and order outside the polling stations as per international standards.

ZESN welcomed this development as the police’s role in previous elections overstepped the boundaries of maintaining law and order.

ZESN has over the years raised concern about the presence of the police in the polling stations which it views as intimidatory. The electoral insecurity argument that the Commissioner is allegedly proffering in his reported efforts to stall electoral reforms is blind to a number of issues pertaining to the role of the police in enhancing electoral democracy.  It is outside the polling station that voters are barred from entering the polling station. Police presence outside the polling station will aid in restraining political parties that campaign within 100 meters of the polling station. In addition, the deployment of the police outside the polling station will deter other forms of electoral irregularities similar to those that took place in June 2008 such as the recording of names of voters by some political parties.

Further, past elections have shown that electoral insecurity takes place well before and after voting while polling days have been largely peaceful, making the insecurity argument even weaker. ZESN seeks to reiterate that the role of the police in providing security to citizens has not been effectively executed as shown by the partial manner in dealing with cases of political violence in the past. The many complaints by victims of political violence between March and June 2008 that they did not get police protection for their persons and property but rather that they were arrested and prosecuted at the instance of their attackers made the electoral changes attractive.

Assisting voters:

In previous elections the role of the police in electoral processes has been contentious as it went beyond maintaining law and order to being present in the polling stations and being present when assisted voters were voting. ZESN has since welcomed the move to remove police presence when assisted voters where casting their vote and further recommended that those who are illiterate bring a trusted friend or relative to assist them and braille ballot papers for the visually impaired.

Postal voting:

In addition, the postal vote has been a thorny issue as the vote has been free from observer scrutiny and has been shrouded in secrecy. The application process has not been transparent and this lack of transparency has extended to the actual voting on issues that relate to the number of people in the security sector that will be eligible for postal voting, the number of ballot papers distributed, the actual voting process and counting of votes and the documented partisan pre-election statements by the Commissioner General.

The proposed reforms that provide for police officers to vote two days prior to polling are a welcome development that can foster transparency. There is no need for the police to vote thirty days before the poll as this removes confidence in the integrity of the process as it allows for tampering with ballot boxes and the outcome of the election. While the police sector was not audited, there is evidence that not all police officers need to be deployed outside the areas where they vote and so can vote in their respective areas where they are based.

ZESN recommends special voting as the case in most countries and not postal voting for the police. Voting that takes place two days before the election and which is also open to ZEC officials, the body that is mandated to run elections in Zimbabwe. We recommend that this process must be transparent and open to observation as well by both domestic and international observers and political parties. In the past postal voting took place before the accreditation of observers, which resulted in an opaque process that lends itself to much speculation, criticism and controversy, which damages the credibility of the country’s elections.

Members of the police as election officials:

ZESN is concerned with the fact that in the past police commanders have been engaged as presiding officers. The role of presiding over elections is best carried out by civilians and not the security sector. The role of the security sector in elections is to promote peace and ensure that the will of the people prevails. An independent and well resourced ZEC must be allowed free and unrestricted mandate to run the entire election while arms of government only play a supportive and not a participatory role. History has lessons.

It is against this backdrop that ZESN strongly condemns the proposed return of the police officers inside polling stations during polling and the use of police and security commanders as presiding officers when the police and military vote. ZESN continues to advocate for comprehensive electoral reforms that includes media reforms; security reforms; an overhaul of the voters’ roll; the creation of a conductive election environment; and transparency and accountability in the whole electoral process.

Suits, intellect and uncombed hair

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Wednesday, August 18th, 2010 by Marko Phiri

For all his arrogance
Damn! He’s got a huge white chip over his shoulder
For all his English erudition
Damn! He got it in not-so-splendid isolation
Many years in a penal institution
Many years later he seeks mental emancipation
For all his readiness to spew diatribes
Damn! How come we keep listening?
For all his claim to moral rectitude
Blimey! The man neither drinks nor smokes
Damn! For all his Saville Row suits
He ain’t debonair
But he dresses in garb worth enough to feed Africa
How now, what do you know?
For all his affected intellectual glow
He does not comb his hair
Silly old man

Cars and them

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Wednesday, August 18th, 2010 by Marko Phiri

There is a certain class of people that has always existed among Africa’s urban populations ever since independence came to these shores and that sought to stand apart from the rest of the impoverished populations typical of urban Africa. Historians and critics point out that their attitudes, mannerisms and all that pretentious jazz was inherited from settler colonialists who set visible economic benchmarks of “the life” around material wealth. While it will be agreed that the settler and even the present day white man took economic empowerment and its attendant trappings as an entitlement never mind how it was acquired based on notions of racial superiority, the present post-independence Blackman has taken the possession of wealth and material trappings as something that has to be flaunted – also never mind how this was acquired – to ridiculous heights.  You only have to look at politicians to see how wealth among starving masses ought to be celebrated.

With the fall and fall of Zimbabwe’s economy, there emerged a class of people who blazed the trail as the nouveau riche making sure everyone was left in no doubt about what economic rungs they occupied in an otherwise economically wretched society with no wealth to speak of. For example, for these people, owning a car especially became a symbol of undisputed middle class trappings which defined their economic worth and they came to typify their ideal financially sound Alpha African male. Now, because that worth was being measured against the backdrop of other Zimbabweans singing the blues as they were caught up in an economic vortex that rendered yesteryear middle class’s paupers, it left no doubt then that they were better off despite their obvious intellectual paucity, as the envious mocked them. And they in turn equally and brutally mocked those claiming superior intellectual clout that their education had turned them into paupers. “We are buying teachers beer,” they would brag – bearing in mind of course that teachers once upon a time formed what were seen as Zimbabwe’s educated minds that could afford to buy houses, cars, beer and of the finest women – but not necessarily in that order. You can see them everywhere you look – deep pockets, shallow minds, others say rather bluntly.

Whether the flowing cash was thanks to remissions from friends and family in the Diaspora, it was – and actually still is – woe betide him who had no claim to a relative domiciled abroad as an economic refugee. But then came the global economic recession and the remissions thinned or slowed down, and the envious rubbed their hands in glee as the reality of being just an impoverished neighbourhood chump set in. However, as the country trudges along on its rather long road to its economic Damascus, there remain folks who still use rather dubious benchmarks as their economic barometers. Capitalism has always emphasised a work ethic that demands that you only get as much as you put in despite the inherent imbalances that have denied well-bodied and intellectually astute individuals to realise their full potential within that system. Yet you see a guy who still thinks in this day and age for example driving a car – any car – is a symbol of economic attainment, especially among peers who still “walk on the ground like lions” as they are fond of reminding the drooling class.

I saw a guy driving a literally rotten car behaving behind the wheel as if he was behind the “popemobile” feeling as haughty as the typical African who has recently picked some cash when others are wallowing in dire poverty. The neighbourhood guys are supposed to envy such “attainments” and you tend to wonder: is that what African aspirations have been reduced to by the economic hardships that have stalked us for so long? Get into a little cash, buy a car and no one is left in doubt, and this in a country where doctors, teachers, lawyers cannot afford cars and houses of their own!

The other day I saw another guy blasting real loud music from his car radio as he screeched to a halt outside a drinking spot. It was supposed to be some grand entrance – as if people care – as all eyes were turned on him who was polluting the air with such uninvited ruckus. The guy killed the engine but left the music blaring as he went in to buy the green beer imported from South Africa – another plebeian sign of financial clout – but when he came back and turned on the ignition so that no doubt he could screech and kick dust into the eyes of the drooling class, the vehicle refused to budge. What does the guy do? He is soon opening the bonnet “to fix” the problem. And it took him long enough for all to point and laugh!  When the drooling class has a laugh, be sure it lasts longest – literally.  Why think driving a dead car to the pub will mark you out as better off financially, the cynics ask.

Zimbabweans have over the years been forced by their unfortunate economic circumstances to flaunt wealth they do have as there no any culture of saving or investment. But they have their reasons after many lost their lifetime savings to insane inflation. Not many look into the future anymore and say, okay, I am going to invest in the stock market, in this or that enterprise but the cash in my pocket must be seen bulging in the here and now or else no one will know anyway that I have the cash. Others have been heard saying that they do not keep money in the bank because they are afraid the RBZ will wake up one day and just take it – yes, the masses believe their money is not safe after the RBZ was accused of sponsoring Zanu PF. So they now go on and buy rotten cars that become exhibits that they do not need relatives abroad to afford to drive. It is the same guy for whom buying a house, investing in real estate, building a nest egg fro the kids is a proposition that has no place in his order of things but seems to think sleeping in a car is fashionable!

These behaviours must be pondered over by every thinking man who must interrogate the circumstances that engendered the death of working class rungs.

How did the dollar die? What kind of people has its death spawned? A bunch of people with no aspirations beyond owning a car? That’s exactly why Zimbabweans who settle abroad become parodies when they are awestruck by possessions the natives have embraced as part of their daily routine not a sign of deep pockets.

Here the masses have been tempted to live on borrowed time imagining that the country’s economic woes have presented them with opportunities to have it made despite their painfully palpable intellectual want such that all things being fair, they contribute to the betterment of their country and fellow man. But then in a country where everyone seems to be dreaming of one day waking up a millionaire but without losing a sweat for it, it is expected that measurement of economic worth becomes that which does not obtain in countries like South Africa for example where driving a car is expected of every working man and not interpreted as a sign of anything – just a sign of having a decent job that’s all.